What does it mean if a patient is in 'respiratory failure'?

When a patient is described as being in 'respiratory failure,' it indicates a failure of the respiratory system to maintain adequate gas exchange, which leads to low oxygen levels (hypoxemia) and/or high carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia) in the blood. This condition can arise from various underlying issues, including obstructed airways, lung diseases, or central nervous system problems affecting the drive to breathe.

The presence of low oxygen and/or high carbon dioxide levels signifies that the patient’s ability to ventilate or perfuse properly is compromised. This can manifest in clinical signs such as altered mental status, increased work of breathing, altered respiratory rates, and potential cyanosis.

The other options do not accurately reflect the definition of respiratory failure. A normal breathing pattern suggests effective respiratory function, being able to breathe without assistance implies adequate respiratory capability, and an asthma attack, while potentially leading to respiratory failure, is a specific condition rather than a general state of respiratory function. Therefore, understanding that respiratory failure is characterized by significant deviations in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels is essential for recognizing and managing this critical situation.